This article examines the ideas of Aristotle presented in "Politics" within the context of the modern concept of Economic Efficiency (EE). The study identifies methodological and ethical parallels between ancient economic views and contemporary trends, such as Industry 4.0, sustainable development, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and the digital transformation of supply chain management. It is argued that the Aristotelian distinction between "natural" and "unnatural" wealth (chrematistics), his concept of automation as a means of liberating humans from labor, and his emphasis on ethical constraints in economic activity serve as prototypes for modern debates on balancing economic efficiency with socio-moral values. To systematize the identified correlations, a comparative matrix of key elements of EE according to Aristotle and their modern embodiments has been developed and presented. The study concludes by affirming the methodological significance of Aristotle's ideas for a critical understanding of the challenges facing the 21st-century economy.