This article is devoted to topical issues of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the development of trade and economic relations with the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The study of economic aspects made it possible to identify the main policy directions in international trade with the CIS countries: maintaining and strengthening economic integration; promoting the growth of mutual trade; energy cooperation; support for investment cooperation; humanitarian cooperation. And to determine the economic significance of the role of trade and economic relations in the economic well-being of the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. At the same time, the article directly touches upon the instruments of policy implementation in the field of trade and economic relations with the CIS countries, the economic indicators achieved as a result, challenges and problems in the implementation of bilateral policy, as well as prospects for the development of bilateral relations, including both positive and negative aspects.