In the context of the transformation of the higher education system, the digitalization of the educational environment, and the transition to a competency-based model of specialist training, the implementation of modern pedagogical technologies aimed at improving the quality of professional training of university students is becoming increasingly significant. Traditional teaching methods, primarily based on the reproductive acquisition of knowledge, are progressively failing to meet the requirements of the modern labor market, which demands from graduates not only professional knowledge but also well-developed practical skills, the ability to make independent decisions, critical thinking, communication skills, and teamwork abilities. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to identify and substantiate effective pedagogical technologies that ensure the integration of theoretical and practice-oriented training, as well as contribute to the formation of sustainable professional and universal competencies among students. Modern pedagogical technologies are considered in the article as a systemic tool for the modernization of the educational process, aimed at increasing students’ motivation, developing their cognitive activity, and enhancing their professional readiness. The object of the research is the educational process in the system of higher education. The subject of the research is modern pedagogical technologies applied in the training of university students. The purpose of the article is to provide a theoretical justification for the role and significance of modern pedagogical technologies in the formation of students’ professional competencies, as well as to analyze their impact on the quality of educational outcomes. The study employs methods of analysis and generalization of scientific publications by domestic and foreign authors, systemic and structural-functional approaches, as well as elements of comparative analysis of pedagogical technologies. The paper examines the essence and classification of modern pedagogical technologies, their role in the implementation of the competency-based approach, and the specific features of applying project-based, interactive, digital, and problem-oriented technologies in the educational process of higher education institutions. The results of the study indicate that the application of modern pedagogical technologies contributes to an increased level of students’ practical preparedness, the development of professional thinking, and the formation of independent work skills and responsibility for learning outcomes. It is substantiated that the systematic implementation of pedagogical technologies in university educational programs enhances graduates’ competitiveness and their adaptive potential in a dynamically changing professional environment. The study concludes that further development and institutionalization of modern pedagogical technologies are advisable as one of the key factors in improving the quality of higher education.