<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Applied Research</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Applied Research</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Журнал прикладных исследований</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2712-7516</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2949-1878</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6a9d25bef4b84449aa172972</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34755/IROK.2026.84.94.031</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>ЭКОНОМИКА. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ.</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>ECONOMICS. ECONOMIC SCIENCES.</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>ЭКОНОМИКА. ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ.</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">The parastatal sector as a lacuna in the international normative architecture: the case of the islamic republic of Iran</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Парастатальный сектор как лакуна международной нормативной архитектуры: случай исламской республики Иран</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Савина</surname>
       <given-names>Наталья Павловна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Savina</surname>
       <given-names>Natal'ya Pavlovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат экономических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of economic sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Чернышов</surname>
       <given-names>Павел Максимович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Chernyshov</surname>
       <given-names>Pavel Maksimovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Российский экономический университет имени Г.В. Плеханова</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Москва</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="ru">Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Moscow</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="en">Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт народно-хозяйственного прогнозирования РАН</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Москва</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="ru">Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of National Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Moscow</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="en">Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт стран Азии и Африки МГУ</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Москва</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="ru">Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Asian and African Studies Moscow State University</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Moscow</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="en">Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-15T14:38:56+03:00">
    <day>15</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-15T14:38:56+03:00">
    <day>15</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <issue>6</issue>
   <elocation-id>236-243</elocation-id>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-06T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>06</day>
     <month>09</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2026 Савина Н.П., Чернышов П.М.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2026 Savina N.P., Chernyshov P.M.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Савина Наталья Павловна, Чернышов Павел Максимович</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Savina Natal'ya Pavlovna, Chernyshov Pavel Maksimovich</copyright-holder>
   </permissions>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://jomeam.ru/en/nauka/publications/6a9d25bef4b84449aa172972/view">https://jomeam.ru/en/nauka/publications/6a9d25bef4b84449aa172972/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Рост экономической роли квазигосударственных (парастатальных) структур обостряет проблему определения их места в международной системе классификации государственного сектора, построенной на бинарном различении государственного и частного. Цель статьи – рассмотреть подход международных нормативных документов к описанию экономических структур на стыке частной и государственной собственности и показать существование лакуны в современной международной нормативной архитектуре, выраженной в отсутствии единого, закреплённого нормой общего применения подхода к определению парастатального сектора. Методологически работа опирается на сравнительно-правовой анализ четырёх автономных международных нормативных оптик: статистической, финансово-отчётной, антикоррупционно-санкционной и торгово-правовой и на углублённое страновое исследование по логике наименее вероятного случая (least-likely case). Установлено, что ни одна из оптик не задаёт парастатальный сегмент нормой общего применения: в одних линиях он отсутствует, в других применяется без дефиниции, в третьих – определяется узко и через прецедент, вследствие чего один и тот же актор получает в разных линиях несовместимые квалификации. На материале Исламской Республики Иран, экономики с конституционно закреплённым парастатальным сегментом, показано, что расхождение классификаций одних и тех же экономических акторов воспроизводится устойчиво. В качестве контура решения предложены критерии выделения квазигосударственного сектора: выполнение публичных функций и наличие особой правовой рамки, опирающиеся на подход органа по разрешению споров ВТО; сделан вывод о возможной неприменимости бинарной модели к экономикам с трёхчастной структурой.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The growing economic role of quasi-state (parastatal) entities raises the problem of determining their place within the international system for classifying the public sector, which is built upon a binary distinction between the public and private sectors. The purpose of this article is to examine the approaches adopted by international regulatory frameworks to the classification of economic entities situated at the intersection of public and private ownership and to demonstrate the existence of a gap in the contemporary international regulatory architecture, manifested in the absence of a unified approach to defining the parastatal sector within national economies. Methodologically, the study is based on a comparative legal analysis of four distinct international regulatory perspectives and an in-depth country case study employing the logic of the least-likely case. The article argues that none of these perspectives establishes the parastatal segment as a generally applicable category: in some frameworks it is absent altogether, in others it is employed without a clear definition, while in yet others it is codified narrowly and primarily through case-law practice. Using the case of the Islamic Republic of Iran - an economy with a constitutionally entrenched parastatal segment - the article demonstrates how the same economic actors may be classified differently across international regulatory systems. As a possible avenue for addressing this problem, the study proposes criteria for identifying the quasi-state sector based on the approach developed by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in the settlement of international disputes.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>парастатальный сектор</kwd>
    <kwd>квазигосударственные структуры</kwd>
    <kwd>государственный капитализм</kwd>
    <kwd>международная нормативная архитектура</kwd>
    <kwd>лакуна</kwd>
    <kwd>public body</kwd>
    <kwd>Исламская Республика Иран</kwd>
    <kwd>санкционная политика</kwd>
    <kwd>боньяды</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>parastatal sector</kwd>
    <kwd>quasi-state entities</kwd>
    <kwd>state capitalism</kwd>
    <kwd>international regulatory architecture</kwd>
    <kwd>regulatory gap</kwd>
    <kwd>public body</kwd>
    <kwd>Islamic Republic of Iran</kwd>
    <kwd>sanctions policy</kwd>
    <kwd>bonyads</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исламская экономика Ирана: теория и практика: монография / Н. М. Мамедова; Ин-т востоковедения Рос. акад. наук, Центр изуч. стран Ближ. и Сред. Востока; [отв. ред. В. Я. Белокреницкий]. – Москва: ИВ РАН, 2022. – 324 с.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islamskaya ekonomika Irana: teoriya i praktika: monografiya / N. M. Mamedova; In-t vostokovedeniya Ros. akad. nauk, Centr izuch. stran Blizh. i Sred. Vostoka; [otv. red. V. Ya. Belokrenickiy]. – Moskva: IV RAN, 2022. – 324 s.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рабуева М.С., Савина Н.П., Омаров З.З. Перспективы развития мировой экономики в контексте современных геополитических и экономических изменений // Научное обозрение. Серия 1: Экономика и право. 2024. № 1. С. 81-94.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rabueva M.S., Savina N.P., Omarov Z.Z. Perspektivy razvitiya mirovoy ekonomiki v kontekste sovremennyh geopoliticheskih i ekonomicheskih izmeneniy // Nauchnoe obozrenie. Seriya 1: Ekonomika i pravo. 2024. № 1. S. 81-94.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Marrakesh: WTO, 1994. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/scm_e.htm</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. Marrakesh: WTO, 1994. https://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/scm_e.htm</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appellate Body Report. United States – Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain Products from China (WT/DS437/AB/R). Geneva: WTO, 2014. https://www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/reports/25189840/113</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appellate Body Report. United States – Countervailing Duty Measures on Certain Products from China (WT/DS437/AB/R). Geneva: WTO, 2014. https://www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/reports/25189840/113</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appellate Body Report. United States – Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China (WT/DS379/AB/R). Geneva: WTO, 2011. https://www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/reports/25189840/99</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appellate Body Report. United States – Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China (WT/DS379/AB/R). Geneva: WTO, 2011. https://www.wto-ilibrary.org/content/reports/25189840/99</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bozeman B. All Organizations Are Public: Bridging Public and Private Organizational Theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987. https://archive.org/details/allorganizations0000boze</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozeman B. All Organizations Are Public: Bridging Public and Private Organizational Theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987. https://archive.org/details/allorganizations0000boze</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Paris: OECD, 1997. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/convention-on-combating-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-in-international-business-transactions_2bfa620e-en.html</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Paris: OECD, 1997. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/convention-on-combating-bribery-of-foreign-public-officials-in-international-business-transactions_2bfa620e-en.html</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European System of Accounts — ESA 2010. Luxembourg: Eurostat, 2013 (Regulation (EU) No 549/2013).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European System of Accounts — ESA 2010. Luxembourg: Eurostat, 2013 (Regulation (EU) No 549/2013).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014. Washington (D.C.): International Monetary Fund, 2014. – 446 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014. Washington (D.C.): International Monetary Fund, 2014. – 446 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koppell J. G. S. The Politics of Quasi-Government: Hybrid Organizations and the Dynamics of Bureaucratic Control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. – 239 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koppell J. G. S. The Politics of Quasi-Government: Hybrid Organizations and the Dynamics of Bureaucratic Control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. – 239 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maloney S. Iran's Political Economy since the Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. – 585 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maloney S. Iran's Political Economy since the Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. – 585 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Musacchio A., Lazzarini S. G. Reinventing State Capitalism: Leviathan in Business, Brazil and Beyond. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 2014. – 357 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Musacchio A., Lazzarini S. G. Reinventing State Capitalism: Leviathan in Business, Brazil and Beyond. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 2014. – 357 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perry J. L., Rainey H. G. The Public-Private Distinction in Organization Theory: A Critique and Research Strategy // Academy of Management Review. 1988. Vol. 13, № 2. P. 182–201. DOI: 10.5465/amr.1988.4306858.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perry J. L., Rainey H. G. The Public-Private Distinction in Organization Theory: A Critique and Research Strategy // Academy of Management Review. 1988. Vol. 13, № 2. P. 182–201. DOI: 10.5465/amr.1988.4306858.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qanun-e Fehrest-e Nahadha va Mo'assesat-e Omumi-ye Gheyr-e Dowlati [Закон о перечне публично-негосударственных учреждений и организаций], 19.07.1994.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qanun-e Fehrest-e Nahadha va Mo'assesat-e Omumi-ye Gheyr-e Dowlati [Zakon o perechne publichno-negosudarstvennyh uchrezhdeniy i organizaciy], 19.07.1994.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rubini L. The Definition of Subsidy and State Aid: WTO and EC Law in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. https://www.academia.edu/74871690/The_Definition_of_Subsidy_and_State_Aid_WTO_and_EC_Law_in_Comparative_Perspective_By_L_Rubini</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubini L. The Definition of Subsidy and State Aid: WTO and EC Law in Comparative Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. https://www.academia.edu/74871690/The_Definition_of_Subsidy_and_State_Aid_WTO_and_EC_Law_in_Comparative_Perspective_By_L_Rubini</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">System of National Accounts 2008. New York: United Nations, European Commission, IMF, OECD, World Bank, 2009. – xviii, 620 p. – ISBN 978-92-1-161522-7.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">System of National Accounts 2008. New York: United Nations, European Commission, IMF, OECD, World Bank, 2009. – xviii, 620 p. – ISBN 978-92-1-161522-7.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valadbaygi K. Beyond the IRGC: The Rise of Iran's Military-Bonyad Complex. The Hague: Clingendael Institute, 2025. https://www.clingendael.org/publication/beyond-irgc-rise-irans-military-bonyad-complex</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valadbaygi K. Beyond the IRGC: The Rise of Iran's Military-Bonyad Complex. The Hague: Clingendael Institute, 2025. https://www.clingendael.org/publication/beyond-irgc-rise-irans-military-bonyad-complex</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
