Russian Federation
employee
The article analyzes the adaptation mechanisms developed by states to counter economic sanctions. Using the examples of Iran, China, and North Korea, the authors examine the strategies that allow these countries to maintain economic and political stability in the face of external pressure. The Iranian model is based on the creation of parallel financial institutions and the use of alternative settlement systems, such as cryptocurrencies. China demonstrates the effectiveness of a symmetrical response, including countermeasures in the trade and investment spheres. North Korea, despite strict isolation, is developing a shadow economy, strategic weapons, and alternative channels of international interaction, including online trade and cryptocurrency transactions. The authors conclude that sanctions stimulate the development of adaptation mechanisms, and their effectiveness decreases as alternative systems are formed. Political stability can be maintained even under significant economic pressure, and countries develop unique combinations of measures that correspond to their geopolitical position and resource base. The article highlights that modern sanctions regimes often fail to achieve their original goals, instead promoting consolidation within target countries and the development of innovative countermeasures.
economic sanctions, adaptation mechanisms, symmetrical response, shadow economies, sanctions
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