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This study focuses on understanding the shift from policies aimed at replacing foreign technological solutions to building advanced competitive advantages in high-tech sectors of the economy. This shift is driven by the need to strengthen economic sovereignty and adapt to conditions of global instability. In contrast to prevailing interpretations, where conceptual boundaries are often blurred, the paper presents a clear classification of the differences between these concepts, based on their functional characteristics, strategic objectives, and long-term purposes. It is argued that sustainable technological leadership cannot be achieved without first ensuring independence in critically important areas, while a robust system of control over key technologies creates the foundation for breakthrough growth. The transition from a compensatory model to an innovation-driven strategy is viewed as a multi-level transformation involving a move away from merely replicating external solutions toward developing original technological products. A systemic approach is proposed for structuring the mechanisms of such transformation, taking into account domestic specificities, prioritization of key areas, and the necessity of establishing sequential stages of technological development. Instruments are identified to integrate external resources through technology transfer, as well as to stimulate domestic demand capable of supporting the large-scale adoption of advanced innovations. The importance of monitoring global trends is emphasized to timely identify promising technological segments where concentrated efforts can ensure not only internal resilience but also international competitiveness. Among the priorities for future research are the formalization of a methodology for assessing the level of technological self-reliance, practical validation of the proposed concept in specific industries, analysis of the impact of the international environment and digital transformation, and comparison with foreign practices. The conclusions drawn from this study can serve as a basis for strategic initiatives aimed at developing national technological potential and improving governance effectiveness in this domain.
technological leadership, import substitution, technological sovereignty, innovation development, process, process systematization, interconnections, interdependence, national interests, innovation infrastructure
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