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Modern higher education is increasingly focusing on a competency-based approach, in which active and interactive teaching methods (AITM) occupy a central place. These methods promote the development of critical thinking, communication skills, teamwork, and student independence, making them participants in the educational process. This article analyzes the most common forms of active learning methods (ALM)—case studies, project-based learning, debates, role-playing, brainstorming, flip classes, and others—from the perspective of their pedagogical effectiveness. Particular attention is paid to the barriers hindering the widespread implementation of these methods in universities, including outdated regulatory frameworks, insufficient teacher training, high labor intensity, student resistance, and organizational constraints. The article emphasizes the need for a systemic approach to transforming the educational environment, including updating curricula, developing teachers' pedagogical culture, and creating a supportive infrastructure.
active learning methods, interactive teaching methods, higher education, competency-based approach, pedagogical effectiveness, implementation barriers
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